Anxiety, depression and perceived stress among nursing students and their family members in the post-COVID-19 setting: a cross-sectional study in Barranquilla, Colombia
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66615/ygw9mj10Keywords:
mental health, COVID-19, anxiety, depression, psychological stress, family, nursing studentsAbstract
Introduction: During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, the global prevalence of anxiety and depression rose by about 25%, with women and young people most affected. Now that the emergency phase is over, it is necessary to know the mental health status of university students' families, a group that is rarely measured directly. Objective: To describe the levels of anxiety, depression and perceived stress among nursing students and their family members, and to explore their relationship with age, gender, socioeconomic stratum and religion. Methods: Quantitative, descriptive, cross-sectional study with non-probability convenience sampling. Thirty-nine people aged 17 to 79 took part: third-semester nursing students at Universidad Metropolitana de Barranquilla and their family members. The GAD-7, the PHQ-9 and the 10-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) were administered. Associations were tested with the chi-square test and, because of the small cell counts, with an exact test estimated by Monte Carlo simulation.Results: Of the participants, 67% were women, 31% were aged 17 to 25, 49% belonged to socioeconomic stratum 2 and 87% were Catholic. Absence of symptoms and mild levels predominated. Mild anxiety was the most frequent category among those aged 17 to 25 (66.7%), and 25% of those aged 44 to 52 had severe anxiety. The chi-square test suggested an association between age and anxiety (p = 0.046), but the exact test did not confirm it (p = 0.080). No other variable was significantly associated with anxiety, depression or stress. Conclusions: Participants mostly showed mild or no symptoms, with no significant differences by sociodemographic variables. The cross-sectional design and the sample size do not allow these levels to be attributed to the pandemic, but the cases of severe anxiety and moderately severe depression among middle-aged family members warrant follow-up of family mental health in the post-pandemic period.
Downloads
References
Barrios Cervantes, A., Casseres Pérez, R., Ditta Arroyo, A., Luna Gómez, C., Orozco Cantillo, Y., & Salcedo Alvarez, V. (2021). Salud mental y familia en tiempo de pandemia [Trabajo de investigación de pregrado, Universidad Simón Bolívar]. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12442/8156
Camargo, L., Herrera-Pino, J., Shelach, S., Soto-Añari, M., Porto, M. F., Alonso, M., González, M., Contreras, O., Caldichoury, N., Ramos-Henderson, M., Gargiulo, P., & López, N. (2023). GAD-7 Generalised Anxiety Disorder scale in Colombian medical professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic: Construct validity and reliability. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría (English Edition), 52(3), 245-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcpeng.2021.06.011
Cassiani-Miranda, C. A., Cuadros-Cruz, A. K., Torres-Pinzón, H., Scoppetta, O., Pinzón-Tarrazona, J. H., López-Fuentes, W. Y., Paez, A., Cabanzo-Arenas, D. F., Ribero-Marulanda, S., & Llanes-Amaya, E. R. (2021). Validity of the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) for depression screening in adult primary care users in Bucaramanga, Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Psiquiatría (English Edition), 50(1), 11-21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcpeng.2019.09.002
Cifuentes, A., Rivera, D., Vera, C., Murad, R., Sánchez, S., Castaño, L., Royo, M., & Rivillas, J. (2020). Ansiedad, depresión y miedo: impulsores de la mala salud mental durante el distanciamiento físico en Colombia (Informe 3, Estudio Solidaridad). Profamilia. https://profamilia.org.co/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/Informe-3-Ansiedad-depresion-y-miedo-impulsores-mala-salud-mental-durante-pandemia-Estudio-Solidaridad-Profamilia.pdf
Congreso de la República de Colombia. (2013, 21 de enero). Ley 1616 de 2013, por medio de la cual se expide la ley de salud mental y se dictan otras disposiciones. Diario Oficial No. 48.680. https://normograma.supersalud.gov.co/compilacion/docs/ley_1616_2013.htm
COVID-19 Mental Disorders Collaborators. (2021). Global prevalence and burden of depressive and anxiety disorders in 204 countries and territories in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The Lancet, 398(10312), 1700-1712. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02143-7
Diez-Quevedo, C., Rangil, T., Sanchez-Planell, L., Kroenke, K., & Spitzer, R. L. (2001). Validation and utility of the Patient Health Questionnaire in diagnosing mental disorders in 1003 general hospital Spanish inpatients. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63(4), 679-686. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006842-200107000-00021
Estrada-Araoz, E. G., Bautista Quispe, J. A., Córdova-Rojas, L. M., Ticona Chayña, E., Mamani Coaquira, H., & Huaman Tomanguilla, J. (2023). Mental health of university students when returning to face-to-face classes: A cross-sectional study. Behavioral Sciences, 13(6), 438. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13060438
Lee, B., Krishan, P., Goodwin, L., Iduye, D., Farfan de los Godos, E., Fryer, J., Gallagher, K., Hair, K., O'Connell, E., Ogarrio, K., King, T., Sarica, S., Scott, E., Li, X., Song, P., Dozier, M., McSwiggan, E., Stojanovski, K., Theodoratou, E., & McQuillan, R. (2023). Impact of COVID-19 mitigations on anxiety and depression amongst university students: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Global Health, 13, 06035. https://doi.org/10.7189/jogh.13.06035
Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social. (2018, 7 de noviembre). Resolución 4886 de 2018, por la cual se adopta la Política Nacional de Salud Mental. https://www.minsalud.gov.co/sites/rid/lists/bibliotecadigital/ride/de/dij/resolucion-4886-de-2018.pdf
Organización Mundial de la Salud. (1946). Constitución de la Organización Mundial de la Salud. https://www.who.int/es/about/governance/constitution
Organización Panamericana de la Salud. (2023). Una nueva agenda para la salud mental en la Región de las Américas. Informe de la Comisión de Alto Nivel sobre Salud Mental y COVID-19 de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. https://iris.paho.org/handle/10665.2/57504
Pérez-Pérez, M., Fernández-Sánchez, H., Enríquez-Hernández, C. B., López-Orozco, G., Ortiz-Vargas, I., & Gómez-Calles, T. J. (2021). Estrés, ansiedad, depresión y apoyo familiar en universitarios mexicanos durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Revista Salud Uninorte, 37(3), 553-568. https://doi.org/10.14482/sun.37.3.616.98
Ramírez-Ortiz, J., Castro-Quintero, D., Lerma-Córdoba, C., Yela-Ceballos, F., & Escobar-Córdoba, F. (2020). Mental health consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic associated with social isolation. Colombian Journal of Anesthesiology, 48(4), e930. https://doi.org/10.5554/22562087.e930
Remor, E. (2006). Psychometric properties of a European Spanish version of the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS). The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 9(1), 86-93. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1138741600006004
Rosario-Rodríguez, A., González-Rivera, J. A., Cruz-Santos, A., & Rodríguez-Ríos, L. (2020). Demandas tecnológicas, académicas y psicológicas en estudiantes universitarios durante la pandemia por COVID-19. Revista Caribeña de Psicología, 4(2), 176-185. https://doi.org/10.37226/rcp.v4i2.4915
Soriano, J. B., Murthy, S., Marshall, J. C., Relan, P., Diaz, J. V., & WHO Clinical Case Definition Working Group on Post-COVID-19 Condition. (2022). A clinical case definition of post-COVID-19 condition by a Delphi consensus. The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 22(4), e102-e107. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00703-9
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Löwe, B. (2006). A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: The GAD-7. Archives of Internal Medicine, 166(10), 1092-1097. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.166.10.1092
Sun, Y., Wu, Y., Fan, S., Dal Santo, T., Li, L., Jiang, X., Li, K., Wang, Y., Tasleem, A., Krishnan, A., He, C., Bonardi, O., Boruff, J. T., Rice, D. B., Markham, S., Levis, B., Azar, M., Thombs-Vite, I., Neupane, D., . . . Thombs, B. D. (2023). Comparison of mental health symptoms before and during the covid-19 pandemic: Evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis of 134 cohorts. BMJ, 380, e074224. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2022-074224
Taquet, M., Geddes, J. R., Husain, M., Luciano, S., & Harrison, P. J. (2021). 6-month neurological and psychiatric outcomes in 236 379 survivors of COVID-19: A retrospective cohort study using electronic health records. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(5), 416-427. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00084-5
Tiga-Loza, D. C., Arboleda de Pérez, L. B., Ramírez-Cruz, M. Á., & Cordero, R. D. (2024). Factores relacionados con las alteraciones de la salud mental en estudiantes de enfermería: un estudio multicéntrico. Revista Cuidarte, 15(2), e3296. https://doi.org/10.15649/cuidarte.3296
World Health Organization. (2022, 2 de marzo). COVID-19 pandemic triggers 25% increase in prevalence of anxiety and depression worldwide. https://www.who.int/news/item/02-03-2022-covid-19-pandemic-triggers-25-increase-in-prevalence-of-anxiety-and-depression-worldwide
World Health Organization. (2023, 5 de mayo). Statement on the fifteenth meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) Emergency Committee regarding the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. https://www.who.int/europe/news-room/05-05-2023-statement-on-the-fifteenth-meeting-of-the-international-health-regulations-(2005)-emergency-committee-regarding-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-19)-pandemic
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Nexus (MIR) is an open-access journal. All of its content is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution–NonCommercial 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC 4.0).
This license allows third parties to distribute, remix, adapt, and build upon the work for non-commercial purposes, provided that appropriate credit is given to the original author and the journal, and that a link to the license is included. The full version of the license can be consulted at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/deed.es
